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GR9277 #59
Problem
 GREPhysics.NET Official Solution Alternate Solutions
\prob{59}
The ground state of the helium atom is a spin

1. singlet
2. doublet
3. triplet
4. quartet
5. quintuplet

Atomic$\Rightarrow$}Orbital

The ground state of Helium has $1s^2$ which is $l=0$ $n=1$.

However, because both electrons are in the same l and n state, the Pauli Exclusion Principle (no two electrons can have exactly the same quantum number) requires that one have $s=1/2$ and the other has $s=-1/2$ for a combined total spin of $s=0$, as in a spin singlet.

Thanks to user cakedamber for pointing this out.

(Compare with things in the p orbitals, which have $l=1$, allowing for $m_l=-1,0,1$.)

Alternate Solutions
 cakedamber2005-11-11 22:22:50 Sorry about the null post above, I was getting the hang of your interface. Anyhow, I'm sorry to say this, but your explanation above is flat-out wrong. The singlet state is when the total SPIN angular momentum is 0, i.e. when $S^2 = 0$. You're absolutely right that in the $1s$ state, $l=0$, but $l$ is ORBITAL angular momentum, not spin angular momentum, so that's irrelevant. The reason the ground state of helium must be a singlet is more complicated. Electrons are fermions, which means that the overall wavefunction for two electrons must be antisymmetric. In the ground state of helium, both electrons are in the same spatial state, meaning that their combined spatial wavefunction is symmetric. Therefore, in order to keep their overall combined wavefunction antisymmetric, their combined spin wavefunction must be antisymmetric -- meaning that they are in a spin singlet state, and thus (A) is the right answer.Reply to this comment
Maxwells_Demon
2008-09-28 04:17:20
How do you deal with the spin from the 2 protons from the He in your justifications? I'm a bit confused still...
 Poop Loops2008-10-25 15:52:20 I think it's because there are also only 2 protons and they are in the ground state, so they have to have 0 total spin. If they had the same spin, they would have to be in different states, so that's no longer the ground state. I am just confused about Helium-3 because you end up with 1 neutron instead of 2, so I don't know what that does to the particle's angular momentum, but I guess that won't be on the test since it's more complicated.
 PhyAnnie2008-11-06 05:34:56 Actually I don't think there' s anything to do with the proton or neutron. We only need to focus on the two electrons and think of their states. (The wave function we've all been discussing is about electrons.)
 neon372010-11-12 01:10:09 I think Annie is correct. This question has nothing to do with the particle's total spin. But rather just the electron's spins in the orbitals.
 raymondtco2010-11-12 20:17:57 But it does not say we are focusing on the helium though. It says "the ground sate of the helium atom", which implies we need to look at the entire "helium" system.
 troy2018-03-14 16:10:08 He nuclei has 2 protons, 2 neutrons. For the protons (Z), if we consider the shell model, the 2 protons will occupy the $(1s_{1/2})$ state, the multiplicity of which is 2. Hence the proton shell is fully filled. Same thing can be said for the neutrons: the 2 neutrons fill completely their $(1s_{1/2})$ state as well. Then just remember that the spin of fully filled (nuclear) shells is always 0. Hence the He nuclei will contribute 0 spin total to the He atom. \r\n\r\nSo it turns out that the He nuclei spin is irrelevant either way: Only the spins from the electrons matter (but as we know, the spins of the 2 electrons cancel each other out as well in the electronic $1s$ state. So overall spin is 0, and it will thus be in a singlet state.
ewhite2
2007-10-27 12:41:27
The solution still isn't entirely correct. The spin triplet state also has a s = 0 possibility, so this narrows it down to the singlet and triplet state. You still need to take into account the symmetry of the spatial and spin wave functions as in cakedamber's solution.
 kaic2013-10-11 14:59:14 Singlet: S = 0 Doublet: S = 1/2 Triplet: S = 1
 kaic2013-10-11 15:05:12 Further, the total spin state 2S+1 defines the singlet, doublet, etc. Singlet: 2S+1 = 1, S =0 Doublet: 2S+1 = 2, S = 1/2 Triplet: 2S+1 = 3, S = 1
 calcuttj2014-09-03 16:09:10 To clarify what kaic is saying. When adding 2 states of intrinsic spin 1/2, a triplet and a singlet state arise. There is NO doublet state for these particles. In the singlet state, one particle is up and the other down. The spin-ket is |00> =(1/$\sqrt{2}$)(|$\frac{1}{2}$$\frac{1}{2}$$\rangle$|$\frac{1}{2}$$\frac{-1}{2}$$\rangle$ - |$\frac{1}{2}$$\frac{-1}{2}$$\rangle$|$\frac{1}{2}$$\frac{1}{2}$$\rangle$) In the triplet state, the particles can both be up (S=+1), both down (S=-1), or 1 up/1 down (S = 0). As stated, it must be in the singlet state. Electrons are fermions and obey the Pauli Exclusion principle, so the triplet state (where the electrons could both be up or down) is forbidden.
jax
2005-12-05 19:21:26
Just some additional info to help on this problem. The terms 'singlet', 'triplet' 'doublet' come from the multiplicity $2S + 1$ of the state.

So for states that we call singlets, $2S+1 = 1 \Longrightarrow S = 0$ (as in this case when we have spin $\frac{+1}{2}$ and $\frac{-1}{2}$)

For doublets $2S+1 = 2 \Longrightarrow S = 1/2$, etc.
 agaliarept2006-12-01 18:49:05 Thank you sir. Another needed post.
astro_allison
2005-11-25 04:32:34
is it fair to say that the gs will always be a spin singlet? (no matter the Z; He, H, Li, ...).
 yosun2005-11-26 01:44:48 astro_allison: if $1s^2$ is a ground state, then it is a spin-singlet (see solution above for why). however, if $1s^1$ is a ground state, then it is not a spin singlet. So, in general, spin-singlet status depends on the number of electrons in a particular configuration... not sure what you mean by whether it's "fair"?
cakedamber
2005-11-11 22:22:50
Sorry about the null post above, I was getting the hang of your interface. Anyhow, I'm sorry to say this, but your explanation above is flat-out wrong. The singlet state is when the total SPIN angular momentum is 0, i.e. when $S^2 = 0$. You're absolutely right that in the $1s$ state, $l=0$, but $l$ is ORBITAL angular momentum, not spin angular momentum, so that's irrelevant. The reason the ground state of helium must be a singlet is more complicated. Electrons are fermions, which means that the overall wavefunction for two electrons must be antisymmetric. In the ground state of helium, both electrons are in the same spatial state, meaning that their combined spatial wavefunction is symmetric. Therefore, in order to keep their overall combined wavefunction antisymmetric, their combined spin wavefunction must be antisymmetric -- meaning that they are in a spin singlet state, and thus (A) is the right answer.
 yosun2005-11-11 22:50:42 cakedamber: thanks for pointer; the solution has been updated.
 cakedamber2005-11-12 16:08:57 Nice. That's much better.
 liuyuhang5992017-04-04 14:43:16 Your answer is correct, $\\\\\\\\1s^2$ gives two possible states ( |+-> - |-+>) the singlet state, and ( |+-> +|-+> ) the triplet state. And because electron is fermion, only the antisymmetric singlet state is allowed.
cakedamber
2005-11-11 22:14:41

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